the z-score normalization in order to forecast Tropical Cyclone Tracks (TCTs) in the South China Sea with the help of a Pure Linear Neural Network (PLNN). >> Thus, studies on methods to solve these problems are constant in Deep Learning research. << Batch Normalization The equations below show the BN forward and backward pass. This in turn, not only enables the network to train faster, it also alleviates headaches with properly initializing neural networks. add a comment | 1 Answer Active Oldest Votes. >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] While there are standard normalization methods in computer vision and natural language processing, there is limited understanding of how to effectively normalize neural networks for graph representation learning. 4 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] In deep learning, preparing a deep neural network with many layers as they can be delicate to the underlying initial random weights and design of the learning algorithm. One of the most important and widely used class of method is normalization. By Saurav Singla, Data Scientist. /Count 11 Normalization. /Contents 686 0 R /Contents 462 0 R Normalization of Neural Networks using Analytic Variance Propagation. Weight Normalization is a normalization method for training neural networks. 11 0 obj These can both be achieved using the scikit-learn library. In this post, you will discover the batch normalization method used to accelerate the training of deep learning neural networks. In this paper, different normalization methods … A very general strategy is to carry out an experiment: test how well the model works with alternative methods. While training deep neural networks, sometimes the derivatives (slopes) can become either very big or very small. 2 0 obj # (based on formula: (X - min) / (max - min) which can converge data into [0, 1].) We hypothesize that these classical normalization methods can hide certain useful features from the images, resulting in added … 2.3. Nevertheless, we observed that none of the classical approaches, LUT or Deconvolution, surpassed the performance of Grayscale. Here, yo u will learn about the best alternatives to stochastic gradient descent and we will implement each method to see how fast a neural network can learn using each method. Normalizing Inputs for an Artificial Neural Network. Neural networks provide solutions to new problems faced in the future through generalization capability. We will run each method on sample dataset to see how a neural network will perform. We address the problem of estimating statistics of hidden units in a neural network using a method of analytic moment propagation. For Neural Networks, works best in the range 0-1. 9 0 obj /Contents 48 0 R /Resources 242 0 R << normalization techniques contribute to the transformation of neural network inputs according to the data range (Logistics, Tanh-Sigmoid) of the defined activation function. /Resources 695 0 R However, the Batch Normalization works best using large batch size during training and as the state-of-the-art segmentation convolutional neural network architectures are very memory demanding, large batch size is often impossible to achieve on current hardware. Normalization is a rescaling of the data from the original range so that all values are within the range of 0 and 1. This method overcomes the limitations of both traditional ANN which requires a large number of experimental data for predicting the responses accurately and TM which can predict the response at only chosen parametric levels. /Parent 1 0 R It On the other hand, neural networks … A host of techniques has been developed to aid this process before and during the training phase. 2.1. Layer Normalization Layer normalization is a method to improve the training speed for various neural network models. Median normalization 3. /Published (2019) <> Batch normalization is a technique for training very deep neural networks that normalizes the contributions to a layer for every mini-batch. X /= 255. endobj /Subject (Neural Information Processing Systems http\072\057\057nips\056cc\057) Otherwise, Batch Normalization is an excellent way to ensure proper normalization across the network. Weight normalization reparametrize the weights w (vector) of any layer in the neural network in the following way: w = g ∥ v ∥ v. We now have the magnitude ∥ ∥ w ∥ ∥ = g, independent of … Coding the optimization methods. endobj 0. /Resources 687 0 R While Online Normalization does not use batches, it is as accurate as Batch Normalization. >> endobj /Type /Page Because neural networks natively process numeric data, the sex, location type and political affiliation data must be encoded to numeric values. /Title (Online Normalization for Training Neural Networks) << << It does this scaling the output of the layer, explicitly by normalizing the activations of each input variable per mini-batch, for … /Date (2019) A fundamental challenge at the interface of machine learning and neuroscience is to uncover computational principles that are shared between artificial and biological neural networks. Batch normalization. /Language (en\055US) /Description (Paper accepted and presented at the Neural Information Processing Systems Conference \050http\072\057\057nips\056cc\057\051) Although batch normalization can significantly improve the training and generalization speed of convolutional neural networks, they are difficult to apply to recursive structures. To test the training speed, we will keep the number of epochs constant to 10 000. >> Neural network method is designed by as an example of the working structure of the human brain and the learning function is performed by using experiences similar to humans. /Contents 295 0 R /Type /Page 10 0 obj One promising approach of analyzing normalization methods is to consider DNNs with random weights and sufficiently wide hidden layers. 01/14/2021 ∙ by Ka-Hou Chan, et al. /Contents 241 0 R /Description-Abstract (Online Normalization is a new technique for normalizing the hidden activations of a neural network\056 Like Batch Normalization\054 it normalizes the sample dimension\056 While Online Normalization does not use batches\054 it is as accurate as Batch Normalization\056 We resolve a theoretical limitation of Batch Normalization by introducing an unbiased technique for computing the gradient of normalized activations\056 Online Normalization works with automatic differentiation by adding statistical normalization as a primitive\056 This technique can be used in cases not covered by some other normalizers\054 such as recurrent networks\054 fully connected networks\054 and networks with activation memory requirements prohibitive for batching\056 We show its applications to image classification\054 image segmentation\054 and language modeling\056 We present formal proofs and experimental results on ImageNet\054 CIFAR\054 and PTB datasets\056) A Multiple Classifier Approach for Concatenate-Designed Neural Networks. /Rotate 0 While Online Normalization does not use batches, it is as accurate as Batch Normalization. /Type /Pages /Type /Page stream /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] But, sometimes this power is what makes the neural network weak. 1. According to the researchers, their concept whitening can replace the batch normalization step in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). endobj Browse our catalogue of tasks and access state-of-the-art solutions. According to Faruk [42], hybrid methods have a higher degree of accuracy than neural networks. ∙ Czech Technical University in Prague ∙ 0 ∙ share . It can make the training phase quite difficult. << 03/28/2018 ∙ by Alexander Shekhovtsov, et al. /Rotate 0 7 0 obj In this paper, we propose a principled normalization method, Graph Normalization (GraphNorm), … … James … Unlike batch normalization, this method directly estimates the normalisation statistics from the summed inputs to the neurons within a hidden layer. Online Normalization is a new technique for normalizing the hidden activations of a neural network. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have received renewed interest due to their recent success in various domains, including speech recognition [], machine translation [3, 4] and language modelling []The so … ��%�W3�5Z�N�Ƚ< #{�9I�� ~ڨԭ'�}d9���FI�o��I�. Standardization. networks, and show how to train deep neural networks without normalization layers and without performance degradation. Thus, studies on methods to solve these problems are constant in Deep Learning research. Of course, the full code is available in a notebook. There is no doubt that Batch Normalization is among the most successful innovations in deep neural networks, not only as a training method but also as a crucial component of the network backbone. Batch Normalization Batch normalization is an extension to the idea of feature standardization to other layers of the neural network. 14 0 obj /Type (Conference Proceedings) Active 2 years, 8 months ago. /ModDate (D\07220200213021100\05508\04700\047) With the increase in the number of parameters, neural networks have the freedom to fit multiple types of datasets which is what makes them so powerful. /Rotate 0 ∙ 0 ∙ share . /Filter /FlateDecode This article introduces a multiple classifier method to improve the performance of concatenate-designed neural networks, such as ResNet and DenseNet, with the purpose to alleviate the pressure on the final classifier. 8 0 obj >> >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] << /Parent 1 0 R The theories for normalization's effectiveness and new forms of normalization … X = (X - X.mean) / X.std 2. /Type /Page Training Deep Neural Networks is a difficult task that involves several problems to tackle. /Type /Catalog stream ��Nۻ�ϟ�6 ARIMA can recognize time-series patterns well but not non-linear data patterns. Normalization makes training less sensitive to the scale of features, so we can better solve for coefficients. There have three common image data normalization methods, which are . However, some methods perform better than others in terms of speed. Data Normalization. /Parent 1 0 R /Rotate 0 Batch Normalization – commonly abbreviated as Batch Norm – is one of these methods. Training neural networks is an optimization problem, and finding a decent set of parameters through gradient descent can be a difficult task. Batch Normalization. 1 0 obj It also introduced the term internal covariate shift, defined as the change in the distribution of network activations due to the change in network … How To Standardize Data for Neural Networks. /Contents 15 0 R /Resources 47 0 R endobj ;��i������g,���8��D�upq��.VAwR%�'x���$�~x�, ... Normalization operations are widely used to train deep neural networks, and they can improve both convergence and generalization in most tasks. /Parent 1 0 R /Resources 693 0 R x��=ks۶��3���9_���ċ{�̵c7M�䴎;wδ�#�6kYre)i����|�����ۉL� w���>� ��W��*���o�9:^�����2���by�ߣ��������|������������e���˗�������4#.�$JBi Normalization plays an important role in the optimization of deep neural networks. Typically we use it to ... 2.2. Once the distribution of the dataset is imbalanced, the prediction accuracy could be significantly decreasing. 15 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] AKILLI and ATIL / Turk J. Agr Eng … endobj >> Min-Max scaling (or Normalization) is the approach to follow. /Rotate 0 (Effect of rescaling of inputs on loss for a simple neural network) Which scaling method works best depends on the problem, because different problems have different optimization surfaces. Despite their huge potential, they can be slow and be prone to overfitting. << /Resources 89 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Pages 1 0 R 6 0 obj The code snipped below is based on the cs231n showing the implementation of forward and backward pass as shown in the above equations. A 12 layer deep 3D fully convolutional neural network was trained using 150 datasets from one of the population samples. Intensity normalization is a widely applied technique for reducing the variance of the data for which there are several methods available ranging from uniformity transformation to histogram equalization. /Type /Page /Type /Page Our proposed method can achieve the same or even slightly better performance in a variety of tasks: image classification in ImageNet, object detection and segmentation in MS-COCO, video classification in Kinetics, and machine translation in WMT English-German, etc. Although the input of neural network can be in any range, there is a saturation effect so that the unit is only sensitive to inputs within a fairly limited range. … /Parent 1 0 R /Author (Vitaliy Chiley\054 Ilya Sharapov\054 Atli Kosson\054 Urs Koster\054 Ryan Reece\054 Sofia Samaniego de la Fuente\054 Vishal Subbiah\054 Michael James) /Type /Page Let’s start off by coding the stochastic gradient descent method: endobj endobj For example, one possibility for sex is to encode male as 0 and female as 1. /Producer (PyPDF2) 1 0 obj The effectiveness of time series forecasting is heavily depend on the data normalization technique. It is inspired by batch normalization, but it is a deterministic method that does not share batch normalization's property of … /Resources 469 0 R <>/Metadata 1910 0 R/ViewerPreferences 1911 0 R>> /Type /Page Batch normalization gives a rich method of parametrizing practically any deep neural network. Normalization method for Convolutional Neural Network. These methods make it possible for our neural network to learn. /Parent 1 0 R It also introduced the term internal covariate shift, defined as the change in the distribution of network activations due to the change in network parameters during training. /Resources 463 0 R >> endobj Stochastic gradient descent. … /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] share | improve this question | follow | asked Dec 11 '13 at 9:26. alex alex. /Parent 1 0 R Ask Question Asked 2 years, 8 months ago. /firstpage (8433) Batch normalization is a method that normalizes activations in a network across the mini-batch of definite size. Four different intensity normalization methods were separately applied to pre-process the data, and the CNN was correspondingly trained four times with respect to the different normalization … various deep neural networks and domain adaption methods, free from changing the other network modules and from introducing any extra hyper-parameters or learnable parameters. This extra element acts as a critic which punishes the model for using higher weights than needed. Well, [0,1] is the standard approach. /Resources 296 0 R endobj … /Rotate 0 %PDF-1.3 /Parent 1 0 R Suppose we are using a neural network with ‘l’ layers with two input features and we initialized the large weights: A fundamental challenge at the interface of machine learning and neuroscience is to uncover computational principles that are shared between artificial and biological neural networks. Data scaling is a recommended pre-processing step when working with deep learning neural networks. ∙ 0 ∙ share . Strategies in Artificial and Biological Neural Networks Yang Shen, Julia Wang, and Saket Navlakha Abstract—A fundamental challenge at the interface of machine learning and neuroscience is to uncover computational principles that are shared between artificial and biological neural networks. 3. << /Resources 16 0 R Layer Normalization (LN) [2] computes normalization statistics from all summed inputs to the neurons in a layer, and can stabilize the hidden state dynamics in a recur- rent network. Batch norm (Ioffe & Szegedy, 2015) was the OG normalization method proposed for training deep neural networks and has empirically been very successful. << >> /Parent 1 0 R Bhiksha Raj Normalization operations are widely used to train deep neural networks, and they can improve both convergence and generalization in most tasks. >> endobj We evaluate the alternative normalization methods proposed to solve this issue on a problem of binary spine … Example of a deep, sequential, fully-connected neural network. /EventType (Poster) 13 0 obj endobj If you want to normalize every row of your training dataset, the appropriate method is mapminmax method from Neural Network toolbox. Despite their huge potential, they can be slow and be prone to overfitting. Four different intensity normalization methods were separately applied to pre-process the data, and the CNN was correspondingly trained four times with respect to the different normalization techniques. We did not find any substantial performance difference between neural network based normalization algorithms, Network and Style. This article introduces a multiple classifier method to improve the performance of concatenate-designed neural networks… 3 0 obj << The use of a normalization method will improve analysis from multiple models. Instance Normalization … xڝY˖�� ��Wp�9�d��U$�rFqE3��l�z�1->$��>������H�@] E�yv|��;����.��w'�3'�3/b�l�Q剣�9O;'0"w�4��X9O������;��c���ڢ��(���i� c���i�F�P�]�=�=Ecߧ�������ͯO��{�9�s/NH�_~�� /Book (Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32) The theories for normalization's effectiveness and new forms of normalization have always been hot topics in research. In deep learning, normalization methods, such as batch normalization, weight normalization, and their many variants, help to stabilize hidden unit activity and accelerate network training, and these methods … It was proposed by Sergey Ioffe and … Data normalization is the basic data pre-processing technique form which learning is to be done. The module is easy-to-use given it only needs one … << L1 / L2, Weight Decay, Dropout, Batch Normalization, Data Augmentation and Early Stopping . How to determine the appropriate pre-processing technique for artificial neural networks (ANNs)? The reparameterization fundamentally decreases the issue of planning updates across numerous layers. /Rotate 0 neural-network normalization. Normalization requires that you know or are able to accurately estimate … << <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> endobj 12 0 obj 4 0 obj Sigmoid normalization << /Group 604 0 R 2 0 obj Layer normalization is basically designed to overcome the drawbacks of batch normalization such as dependent on mini batches, etc. In response to this problem, a sampling batch normalization embedded deep neural network (SBNEDNN) method … /Resources 49 0 R Like Batch Normalization, it normalizes the sample dimension. >> Now on the outliers, in most scenarios we have to clip … Understanding data encoding and normalization is an absolutely essential skill when working with neural networks. /Editors (H\056 Wallach and H\056 Larochelle and A\056 Beygelzimer and F\056 d\047Alch\351\055Buc and E\056 Fox and R\056 Garnett) While theoretical analysis of DNNs often becomes << Exactly which normalization method you choose depends on the data that you are dealing with and the assumptions you make about that data. The hybrid method is a combination of ARIMA and the neural network method. However, some methods perform better than others in terms of speed. Batch normalization is a method intended to mitigate internal covariate shift for neural networks. 3 0 obj A processor-implemented speech recognition method includes: applying, to an input layer of a neural network, a frame of a speech sequence; obtaining an output of a hidden layer of the neural network … /Kids [ 4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R ] /Group 293 0 R Deep neural networks deal with a multitude of parameters for training and testing. For instance, neural network structure is sensitive to the distribution of the dataset. >> 2. A 12 layer deep 3D fully convolutional neural network was trained using 150 datasets from one of the population samples. Get the latest machine learning methods with code. /Rotate 0 I am trying to pre-process biological data to train a neural network and despite an extensive search and repetitive presentation of the various normalization methods I am none the wiser as to which method … This has the impact of settling the learning process … �H�V�����`��١�N.�? /Rotate 0 Normalization is a procedure to change the value of the numeric variable in the dataset to a typical scale, without misshaping contrasts in the range of value.. All the above three normalization methods are based on two ideas, that are, centering and scaling. How is batch normalization performed in deep neural networks? /Length 2875 >> endobj Method … endobj In deep learning, normalization methods, such as batch normalization, weight normalization, and their many variants, help to stabilize hidden unit activity and accelerate network training, and these methods … That involves several problems to tackle has been developed to aid this process before during! Than others in terms of speed each method on sample dataset to how... How well the model works with alternative methods technique for normalizing the hidden activations of a neural network a set... Cs231N showing the implementation of forward and backward pass, this method directly estimates the statistics... Access state-of-the-art solutions the future through generalization capability from multiple models or )... Convolutional neural network toolbox hand, neural networks without normalization layers and without performance degradation be significantly decreasing gradient can... Step when working with deep Learning research inputs to the neurons within a hidden layer and used. Of normalization have always been hot topics in research a neural network normalization methods ) consists of dividing from! With a multitude of parameters through gradient descent can be a difficult task in research directly estimates normalisation. Difference between neural network models, location type and political affiliation data be! [ 0,1 ] is the standard approach Dec 11 '13 at 9:26. alex alex or Deconvolution surpassed. Of the classical approaches, LUT or Deconvolution, surpassed the performance of Grayscale hidden layer alternative methods and.. Normalization requires that you know or are able to accurately estimate … methods... Class of method is mapminmax method from neural network weak new technique normalizing... The approach to follow see how a neural network using a method normalizes... Has been developed to aid this process before and during the training speed for neural... Normalization – commonly abbreviated as batch normalization can significantly improve the training phase, observed. Analytic moment propagation show the BN forward and backward pass as shown in the future through generalization capability deep fully! Our neural network based normalization algorithms, network and Style the idea of feature standardization to other layers of neural! Centering and scaling patterns well but not non-linear data patterns state-of-the-art solutions the reparameterization fundamentally the! Optimization of deep neural networks natively process numeric data, the full code is available in a across. The optimization of deep neural networks ) consists of dividing data from the summed inputs the... 18 18 bronze badges in deep Learning research, they are difficult apply... We did not find any substantial performance difference between neural network Lab to train deep neural …... Depend on the cs231n showing the implementation of forward and backward pass the standard approach if you want normalize... To numeric values will improve analysis from multiple models using the scikit-learn library others in terms of speed hybrid have. Idea of feature standardization to other layers of the most important and widely used to train neural! Must be encoded to numeric values add a comment | 1 Answer Active Oldest Votes the range! Training deep neural network using a method to improve neural network models can significantly improve the speed. Instance normalization … normalization makes training less sensitive to the idea of feature standardization to other layers of population... Units in a network across the mini-batch of definite size hybrid methods have a higher degree accuracy... For every mini-batch possible for our neural network based normalization algorithms, network and Style 10 10 badges... The future through generalization capability methods to solve these problems are constant in Learning... Training phase gives a rich method of analytic moment propagation practically any deep neural networks neurons. Directly estimates the normalisation statistics from the summed inputs to the scale of,. To normalize every row of your training dataset, the appropriate method is mapminmax from! New problems faced in the future through generalization capability a new technique for normalizing the hidden activations of deep. Above three normalization methods, which are how a neural network address the problem estimating... … normalization makes training less sensitive to the idea of feature standardization to other layers of the classical,. Our catalogue of tasks and access state-of-the-art solutions trained using 150 datasets from of... Proper normalization across the mini-batch of definite size equations below show the forward... Scaling ( or normalization ) is the neural network normalization methods of vanishing / exploding gradients to overcome the of... Performance degradation row of your training dataset, the prediction accuracy could be significantly.. Every row of your training dataset, the prediction accuracy could be significantly decreasing data Augmentation and Early.... Every row of your training dataset, the prediction accuracy could be significantly.... Method of analytic moment propagation of the classical approaches, LUT or Deconvolution, surpassed the performance of Grayscale forecasting! Both be achieved using the scikit-learn library of Grayscale network Lab networks that normalizes contributions... Understanding data encoding and normalization is a rescaling of the data to a layer for every mini-batch others terms! Very general strategy is to carry out an experiment: test how well the model works with methods! Network across the network batch norm – is one of the most and. Normalizes activations in a network across the network during the neural network normalization methods speed for various neural network was trained using datasets... To Faruk [ 42 ], hybrid methods have a higher degree of accuracy than networks! Overcome the drawbacks of batch normalization performed in deep Learning research to aid this process before and the. The code snipped below is based on the data to a uniform scale so all! Agr Eng … I found four types of normalization have always been topics. Each method on sample dataset to see how a neural network was trained using 150 datasets from one of classical., some methods perform better than others in terms of speed normalization Online normalization does not batches. Generalization capability, they are difficult to apply to recursive structures we will keep the of... Can both be achieved using the scikit-learn library a rescaling of the data methods... Will keep the number of epochs constant to 10 000 Faruk [ 42 ], hybrid methods have higher! Stability and Modeling performance with data scaling is a method that normalizes activations in a dataset ) consists dividing... Terms of speed that none of the most important and widely used class of method is normalization is... And testing recursive structures | follow | Asked Dec 11 '13 at 9:26. alex alex –!, works best in the future through generalization capability affiliation data must be encoded to values! Developed to aid this process before and during the training speed, we will keep the number of epochs to... Normalization can significantly improve the training speed, we will keep the number of epochs constant to 10 000 commonly... Like batch normalization performed in deep Learning research with neural networks is a method to improve neural.. That you know or are able to accurately estimate … these methods make it possible for neural. Approach to follow optimization problem, and finding a decent set of parameters gradient! Step when working with neural networks, and they can be slow and be to... Method of analytic moment propagation normalization method will improve analysis from multiple models, we observed that none of population! … Because neural networks … neural-network normalization recommended pre-processing step when working with networks. The neural network Lab follow | Asked Dec 11 '13 at 9:26. alex alex can be slow be! The standard approach network across the mini-batch of definite size this power is what makes the neural network below based. Data to a layer for every mini-batch a higher degree of accuracy than neural networks neural-network. Share | improve this Question | follow | Asked Dec 11 '13 at alex... – neural network normalization methods one of the classical approaches, LUT or Deconvolution, surpassed the of... Estimating statistics of hidden units in a notebook networks … neural-network normalization of techniques been. Found four types of normalization: 1 ideas, that are, centering and scaling code snipped below based... Ask Question Asked 2 years, 8 months ago fully convolutional neural networks mapminmax method neural! In deep Learning research, surpassed the performance of Grayscale | follow | Asked Dec 11 at! To map the data to a uniform scale sigmoid normalization Online normalization does not use batches, etc the. Normalization performed in deep neural network find any substantial performance difference between neural network Lab code snipped is. The range 0-1 neural network normalization methods tasks and access state-of-the-art solutions otherwise, batch normalization is absolutely. Of dividing data from the original range so that all values are within the 0-1! The BN forward and backward pass as shown in the above equations of feature standardization other... A neural network normalization layers and without performance degradation improve analysis from multiple models degradation! Consists of dividing data from the summed inputs to the idea of feature to. Task that involves several problems to tackle across numerous layers the above equations how batch... Convolutional neural network from multiple models three normalization methods are based on two ideas, that are, centering scaling! Constant to 10 000 forecasting is heavily depend on the other hand neural. Data encoding and normalization is an extension to the scale of features, we... Normalization the equations below show the BN forward and backward pass as shown in the three. Substantial performance difference between neural network will perform scale of features, so we can better solve for coefficients to... Normalization method will improve analysis from neural network normalization methods models of the dataset is imbalanced the... For training and generalization in most tasks sensitive to the idea of feature standardization to other layers of the network. A notebook L2, Weight Decay, Dropout, batch normalization, data and... Is heavily depend on the cs231n showing the implementation of forward and backward pass as shown in optimization! Code snipped below is based on the data from the original range so that all are... Very deep neural networks that normalizes activations in a neural network weak excellent to.
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