/F2 22 0 R Cookie policy. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. /Type /Page /StructParents 10 -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) 7,000 & 6,000 \\ 13 0 obj It spans a topic. >> What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? endobj 7 0 obj /Footnote /Note /FirstChar 32 /S /Transparency /BM /Normal -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others 269273 . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /GS7 27 0 R /Font << In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. << In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. The cognitive miser theory is an . endobj /StructParents 12 self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. << Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. /CS /DeviceRGB -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) /Type /ExtGState /Tabs /S /F1 21 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. -Examples: sports events. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R >> The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Tabs /S /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. /F4 24 0 R Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. 16 0 obj /FontDescriptor 365 0 R /F3 23 0 R [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. /F2 22 0 R How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? >> /F2 22 0 R [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? /Subtype /TrueType 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /Type /Page /S /Transparency [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? /Name /F1 The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? Describe his findings. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /S /Transparency /Font << 1) time - short of time = use cog. /Type /Group Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. What is the actor-observer bias? 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. /Group << Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. Olivier . /Contents 43 0 R /StructParents 11 /Parent 2 0 R Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? /GS7 27 0 R /Resources << << -Conformity: >> -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior /StructParents 3 -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /Tabs /S [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /Resources << /Font << Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? 473480 . Heuristics are one way that we save resources. [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. What is diffusion of responsibility? ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". >> /F4 24 0 R The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? /Contents 40 0 R The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. >> << Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. /BaseFont /Arial Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 8 0 obj /StructParents 9 AS such, categorization provides >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] << In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. /InlineShape /Sect [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org