This species is considered a pest in much of its introduced and native range. > 10°C, Cold average temp. 2008, Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado pikeminnow), Rana chiricahuensis (Chiricahua leopard frog), http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/96grants/ncr12nd.htm, http://icais.org/pdf/2010abstracts/Gordon%20Copp.pdf, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/270, http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/, http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/projects/wetland/studies/pwet/discuss.htm, http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/index.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. (Pimephales promelas)., Michigan, USA: University of Michigan, Animal Diversity Web. > 0°C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter, Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. General Description, Biology, Habitat, Distribution: The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque is a member of the fish family Cyprinidae, the largest family of fish with more than 2,000 species worldwide and nearly 300 extant in North America (Jenkins & Burkhead, 1994). Fathead minnows reach sexual maturity within 4 to 5 months after hatching in optimal habitat conditions (e.g., water temperature of 25°C and photoperiod of 16 hours of light). Fathead minnows failed to exhibit immediate rate compensation as a result of acute temperature changes. The carnivorous portion of their diet is comprised mainly of insects, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates as well as zooplankton. Stocking: Fathead minnows are very useful when stocked in catfish only ponds where the catfish are not being fed regularly. Therefore, introductions of P. promelas to wetlands can significantly reduce habitat quality (Butler and Hanson, 1996; Zimmer et al., 2001; Zimmer et al., 2006). Based upon the available data, the recommended acute threshold for fathead minnow is 32°C. P. promelas, commonly known as the fathead minnow, is a small-bodied, short-lived, nest guarding cyprinid fish.It is one of the most widely distributed fishes in North America and its native range covers large expanses from the Rocky Mountains in Canada south to Texas and northern Mexico. by Froese, R. \Pauly, D.]. CABI is a registered EU trademark. Sommer A, 2012. Nelson JS, Paetz MJ, 1992. Statistical analysis of geographical variation of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, 1966:457-466. This value is consistent with the value established by the State of Colorado and within the range identified by the UILT and CTM studies. It is also physiologically capable of surviving very low oxygen conditions in lakes. Flickenger SA, 1969. Seasonal changes in the histology of the gonads and dorsal skin of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, 56(10):2103-2109. http://ias.biodiversity.be/. P. promelas is generally found in schools. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Danylchuk Tonn WM; Paszkowski CA, 2012. Influences of Fathead Minnows on Nutrient Partitioning and Ecosystem Structure in a Prairie Wetland., USA: USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (online). Smith RJF; Murphy BD, 1974. It is one of the most widely distributed fishes in North America and its native range covers large expanses from the Rocky Mountains in Canada south to Texas and northern Mexico. The pre-dorsal scales on other minnows tend to be similar in size, number and compactness to those on the sides of the fish (Danylchuk et al., 2012). Numerous game fish species, such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), walleye (Sander vitreus) and northern pike (Esox lucius) prey on P. promelas (Kidd et al., 2007). They can be omnivores but normally eat more zooplankton than algae. The fathead minnow is a stream fish, able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions including high temperatures, low oxygen levels, and high turbidities. There has been selective breeding of a red colour morph of P. promelas, which is commonly known as the rosy red minnow. Minnow is the common name for a number of species of small freshwater fish, belonging to several genera of the family Cyprinidae.They are also known in Ireland as pinkeens.. Arkansas, USA: University of Arkansas Press, 536 pp. The viral susceptibility range of a poikilothermic cell line derived from the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (FHM) to infection by a number of homoiothermic viruses representing most of the presently recognized viral groups and a member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma group of … It has a pharyngeal teeth count of 0,4-4,0 (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). Other states where introductions from bait bucket releases are known are: Leon County in Florida, Meadow Creek in Kentucky, Youghiogheny River drainage in Maryland, and in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota and Texas (USGS, 2012). Once the water warms to 84F or higher, spawning stops. Mol. They can also be used to make biomass from nutrient and plant material in sewage treatment ponds (Becker, 1983). Price CJ; Tonn WM; Paszkowski CA, 1991. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. P. promelas provides an important dietary component for many piscivorous fishes and birds. They are omnivore filter feeders, often sifting through dirt and silt to find food. It was hypothesized that if the fathead minnows are stressed with lead exposure and increased temperatures then their reproductive behaviors will be Wallingford, UK: CABI, Danylchuk Tonn WM, Paszkowski CA, 2012. If you are stocking your pond with Bass or Bluegill, Fathead Minnows are a wonderful simultaneous addition for adding forage to your pond. Investigation of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) as a biological control agent of Culex mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Fatheads can tolerate lower oxygen levels than most game fish. Because the Fathead Minnow is fairly tolerant of harsh conditions, it can be found in bodies of water that may be uninhabitable to other fish, such as waste drainage sites. In Canadian boreal lakes, populations of P. promelas show high phenotypic diversity. 1956). Intraspecific patterns of resource use by fathead minnows in a small boreal lake, 69:2109-2115. One study in Alberta observed P. promelas largely consuming invertebrates including crustaceans and chironomid pupae (Price et al., 1991). Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); artwork of adult fish. Other species within the Pimephales genus, such as the bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) can be distinguished by their terminal and slightly oblique to subterminal mouth, in contrast to the distinctive strongly oblique to superior and almost vertical mouth of P. promelas (Werner, 2004; Danylchuk et al., 2012). NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life., Arlington, Virginia, USA: NatureServe. P. promelas has a moderately forked caudal fin, 8 dorsal fin rays, 7 anal fin rays and 44-50 lateral line scales. Fish & Wildlife Service/National Digital Library - Original artwork by Duane Raver Jr. First wild population recorded in North Yorkshire, Widespread in central and southern Alberta, Not native but may have the possible exception of occurrences in the Tennessee drainage; Original citation: Ross et al. In other areas, including Idaho, Louisiana, Utah and Virginia this species was introduced as a forage fish for bass and other game fish, and used in fish hatcheries. Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow. April J; Hunner RH; Dion-Cote AM; Bernatchez L, 2013. A male may accumulate as many as 12,000 eggs. Texas, USA: Texas State University (San Marcos Biology Department). 2,3 It is most abundant in muddy streams, brooks, ponds, and small lakes. The Inland Fishes of Mississippi. It prefers temperatures in the range of 70-80F (21-26C), and will breed contently if the water is kept at these temperatures. Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta, 437 pp. Although tolerant to a range of conditions, some environmental variables may affect the size of individuals. http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/96grants/ncr12nd.htm, Chang AL; Grossman JD; Spezio TS; Weiskel HW; Blum JC; Burt JW; Muir AA; Piovia-Scott J; Veblen KE; Grosholz ED, 2009. Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, US Geological Survey. In Europe, its introduction has resulted in the spread of enteric redmouth disease through the introduction of a bacterial pathogen (Yersinia ruckeri) (Anseeuw et al., 2012). Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow, Belgium: The Belgian Biodiversity Platform. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(21):8897-8901. http://www.pnas.org/, NatureServe, 2012. Other differences, such as the slender body form or complete lateral line, can be used to distinguish the closely related bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) from P. promelas (Ross et al., 2001). Werner RG, 2004. Arlington, Virginia, USA: NatureServe. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. In the UK, climatic conditions are thought to be unfavourable for yearlings, meaning that presently there is a low risk of populations becoming established. Fishes of Arkansas. This can cause high mortality of larger individuals within a population (Danylchuk and Tonn, 2000). © Copyright 2021 CAB International. Ross ST, 2001. The continued use of the P. promelas as bait and as an aquarium pet presents a continued risk of their release and introduction into non-native habitats. The fathead minnow lives in streams of all sizes but is most abundant in small, intermittent prairie creeks. harveyensis. Temperature is important Biofi lters operate best at temperatures between 65 and 85 degrees F. Temperatures outside this range reduce bacterial metabolism and the effi ciency of the biofi lter If fi sh must be placed into a system without an established biofi … Trautman MB, 1981. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University New Mexico Press, 393 pp. The species has also been introduced and stocked in sewerage treatment ponds in Wisconsin (Danylchuk et al., 2012). P. promelas can spawn anytime between May and September. It is tolerant of a range of environmental conditions, has a high reproductive output and consumes a variety of food resources. Males set up territories and prepare the nest by sweeping out a cavity such as the underside of rocks, wood, or other debris. Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: an example using fish. Minnows showed an exponential increase in weight-specific oxygen consumption with tempera- ture (in “C), resulting in a Qlo of over three. University of Michigan, Michigan, USA: Animal Diversity Web. This species is unusual in that it shows some level of parental care. P. promelas can reach maturity and spawn within their first year. Legislation under the Import of live Fish Act 1980 (ILFA) prohibits the keeping of some non-native fish in GB, including Fathead Minnows, except under licence. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 25(3):301-309. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-current-issue, ITIS, 2013. Functional morphology of the dorsal pad in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque), 103(1):65-72. The exact native range of P. promelasis difficult to determine due to its widespread introductions from bait bucket releases. Females spawn at frequent intervals, up to several times a week. Population size decreases as a result of the effects of oestrogen on reproductive health (Kidd et al., 2007). Fathead minnow eggs are small (1.2 to 1.6 mm). Fathead Minnows prefer a temperature of 50° to 70° F and a pH range of 7.0 to 7.5. The species seems to be most abundant in small streams where competition with other species is limited. In the Northeast, it is found in all states in the region (Werner, 2004). Madison, WI, USA: University of Wisconsin Press, xii + 1052 pp. They are an indicator species of the core prairie fish assemblage found in the Intermittent and Perennial Prairie Stream Aquatic Ecological Systems. Biological Invasions, 11(4):773-785. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b330w27880752rr4/fulltext.html. ... Rosy red minnows can be kept in a wide range of environments, due to their incredible hardiness. 2017), fathead Introduced populations of P. promelas can grow rapidly because of their high reproductive output and their ability to utilize a wide range of food resources. Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Determination of sexes in the fathead minnow, 98(3):526-527. The fishes of Alberta. Three subspecies of Pimephales promelas were recognized up until the 1960s: P. promelas subsp. Effects of social structure on reproductive activity in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), 12(4):482-489. 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